AP Euro Period 2 Review (1648-1815)

Period 2: Absolutism, Enlightenment, & Revolution (1648-1815)

PERIOD 2 DATES TO KNOW

Past Essay Questions from Period 2

PERIOD 2 KEY CONCEPTS - COURSE OUTLINE

2.1. Shifting models of political sovereignty

1. Absolute monarchs (James I, Peter the Great, Philip II, III, and IV)
2. Power over France extended by Louis XIV and his finance minister Colbert.
3. Enlightened absolutism appeared in central Europe (Frederick II, Joseph II).
4. Poland was partitioned because they could not consolidate authority.
5. Peter the Great westernized Russia, Catherine the Great continued process.

1. English Civil War and Glorious Revolution asserted the rights of Parliament.
2. The Dutch Republic established an oligarchy of urban gentry.

1. Prussia rose to power and the Habsburgs shifted their empire eastward.
2. Ottoman expansion west ceased after defeat by Austria at Battle of Vienna.
3. Louis XIV almost always at war - Dutch War, 9 Years’ War, War of Spanish Succession
4. Britain and France rivalry resulted in world wars - 7 Years’ War, American Revolution

1. Causes of the French Rev. = peasant & bourgeois grievances, bread shortage, Enlightenment ideas, and the French involvement in the American Revolution.
2. First phase established constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalized the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges.
3. Second phase was dominated by the Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre.
4. Revolutionary ideas spread from France to the rest of Europe.
5. Women were a major part of the revolution (March on Versailles, Olympe de Gouges)
6. Revolutionary ideas spread to Haiti, led by l’Ouverture.
7. Many were inspired by emphasis on equality and human rights, but others were upset by violence and disregard for traditional authority.

1. As emperor, Napoleon initiated domestic reforms and curtailed other rights.
2. New military tactics allowed him to expand control over much of Europe.
3. Nationalistic responses to Napoleon included student protests in Germany, Russian scorched earth policy, and guerilla war in Spain.
4. Napoleon was defeated by a coalition of states and the balance of power was restored through the Congress of Vienna.

2.2. Global economy expanded through European commerce.

1. Labor and trade became more free.
2. Agricultural Revolution increased productivity and supply.
3. Putting-out system increased number of laborers.
4. Development of the market economy led to new financial practices.

1. Mercantilist policies drove states to find new resources and new markets.
2. Transatlantic slave trade expanded as the demand for American products increased.
3. Consumer culture developed in Europe because of overseas products
4. Food supply in Europe increased because of trade with the Americas.
5. Raw materials, laborers, and markets abroad influenced European enterprises.

1. Sea powers vied for influence in the Atlantic.
2. The British dominated control of India and the Dutch controlled of the East Indies.

2.3. Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

1. Intellectuals applied principles of Scientific Rev to society (Voltaire, Diderot).
2. Locke & Rousseau developed new political models based on natural rights.
3. Women were still excluded from political life.

1. Salons, coffeehouses, and academies were centers of public discourse.
2. Expansion of literacy and printed materials, despite censorship, spread ideas.
3. Europeans were increasingly exposed to cultures of peoples outside of Europe.

1. John Locke argued that the state was driven by consent of the governed.
2. Adam Smith argued for free trade and a free market.

1. Voltaire and Diderot developed new philosophies of deism, skepticism, and atheism.
2. Religion became more private rather than public.
3. Religious toleration of all Christians and, sometimes Jews, became common.

1. Baroque art promoted religious feelings until about 1750.
2. Neoclassicism expressed Enlightenment ideas.

1. Rousseau questioned reliance on reason and emphasized moral improvements.
2. Romanticism challenged rationality.
3. Religious revival occurred in Europe including movements such as Methodism.
4. The power of mass politics and nationalism were embodied in rebellion.

2.4. Everyday life was shaped by innovation.

1. Food supply increased because of improved productivity and transportation.
2. Innovations in disease control limited plagues and epidemic diseases.

1. New concerns for privacy, new goods for homes, new leisure venues

1. Birth rates stabilized because of new marriage patterns and birth control.
2. Infant and child mortality rates declined, which led to more emphasis on childhood.

1. More food could be produced using fewer people, so many migrated to the cities.
2. Growth of cities created new issues in sanitation and health.
3. Poor communities in cities led to greater awareness of poverty, crime, and prostitution, which expanded the efforts of policing.

LIST OF CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY FROM PERIOD 2

• absolute monarchy
• Adam Smith
• Agricultural Revolution
• American Revolution
• Atheism
• Baron de Montesquieu
• Baroque nationalism
• Battle of Vienna
• Catherine the Great
• chattel slavery
• classical liberalism
• Concordat of 1801
• Congress of Vienna
• consumer culture
• Consumer Revolution
• cottage industry
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• Deism
• Denis Diderot
• Empiricism
• English Bill of Rights
• Enlightened Absolutism
• Enlightenment
• Frederick II of Prussia
• Frederick William I of Prussia
• free trade
• French Revolution
• Georges Danton
• Glorious Revolution
• Haitian Revolution
• Immanuel Kant
• Industrial Revolution
• inoculation
• Jacobin Republic
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• John Locke
• laissez faire
• Levee en Masse
• Louis XVI of France
• March on Versailles
• market economy
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Middle Passage
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Napoleonic Code
• nationalism
• natural rights
• neoclassicism
• Nine Years' War
• Olympe de Gouges
• Partition of Poland
• Peter the Great of Russia
• plantation economy
• Reign of Terror
• religious toleration
• Revolutionary Army
• Rococo
• Romanticism
• salons
• Seven Years' War
• Skepticism
• social contract
• Toussaint l'Ouverture
• Tycho Brahe
• Voltaire