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Unit 7

7.10 The New Deal

8 min read•june 18, 2024

Caleb Lagerwey

Robby May

AP US History 🇺🇸

454 resources

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Introduction

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), the 32nd president of the United States, sought to fight the worst parts of the Great Depression through his legislative agenda, nicknamed the New Deal. This changed the role of the federal government in new ways (mostly by expanding it) and changed the alignment of political parties (this is one of two major time periods when the Democrats and Republicans began to morph into the parties we recognize today).

FDR, the Three R’s, & Alphabet Soup

FDR’s first priority was supporting the failing bank systems. He quickly declared a Banking Holiday backed by the Emergency Banking Relief Act, where the banks would close and then the federal government would allow those it had inspected and found to be safe to reopen. This helped to restore public confidence in the banks and reversed the runs on the bank once they reopened.

Second, in order to increase tax revenue and increase public morale, the country passed the 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th Amendment and its prohibition against alcohol.

Image Courtesy of Wikimedia

Third, in order to personally communicate with citizens and to help restore their faith in banking (and government), FDR began a series of Fireside Chats (🔥+📻=👍🏦), or presidential radio addresses.

Finally, FDR and Congress started a legislative spree where they passed law after law creating new programs and agencies in effect to address the Great Depression, altogether known as the New Deal. There are two ways to characterize the New Deal: the first way is the “3 Rs” of Relief (stop people from starving right now), Recovery (help the economy get back on track and people employed again), and Reform (change the economic system to ensure this never happens again).

The second is to talk about the First New Deal (1933-1935) and the Second New Deal (1935+). Let’s look at some notable examples of the 3Rs in action:

Key New Deal “Alphabet Soup” Programs

AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration	Paid farmers to plow under (not plant) more acreage to increase crop prices. This could hurt black and white sharecroppers by kicking them off land. (declared unconstitutional in 1935 by SCOTUS)
CCC Civilian Conservation Corps	Paid younger men to develop and work on national parks and forests. Gave them jobs and money to send home.
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	Insured bank deposits to prevent runs on the bank and thus bank bankruptcies where people would lose all their deposited savings.
FERA Federal Emergency Relief Administration	Provided direct monetary assistance to poor people. It was referred to as being “on the dole.”
FHA Federal Housing Administration	Insured bank loans for building new houses or repairing existing ones (super racist and discriminatory against African Americans)
NRA National Recovery Administration	Regulated business profits, prices, wages, and hours. Gave workers the right to organize & bargain collectively. (declared unconstitutional in 1935 by SCOTUS)
PWA Public Works Administration	Gave money to state and local governments to build dams, roads, bridges, and other public infrastructure projects with new jobs.
SEC Securities & Exchange Commission	Regulates the stock market and business trading practices to avoid the speculative buying that led to the big crash in 1929
SSA Social Security Act	Set up Social Security, a public pension system for the elderly or people with disabilities who were unable to work.
TVA Tennessee Valley Authority	Hired people to build dams, power plants, and flood/erosion control in the Tennessee Valley, a notoriously poor area
WPA Works Progress Administration	Hired people to build infrastructure (dams, airports, bridges, roads, post offices, etc.) and to create culture. Funded artists, playwrights, actors, writers, and photographers.

(Remember, you don’t have to memorize all of these; just be able to recognize them if they came on in a document on the exam and to be able to use a few of them to describe how the US changed because of the New Deal)

A few other important programs worth knowing that don’t have fun, alphabet soup acronyms are the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act and the Glass-Steagall Act.

The Glass-Steagall Act regulated banks and put dividers between the savings and investment parts of banks.

Reform

Reform primarily occured as part of the Second New Deal. The First New Deal focused primarily on establishing the "alphabet agencies" that covered all three R's, whereas the Second New Deal was reform focused. Two major reforms also came about as a part of the Second New Deal.

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act

The Act created the National Labor Relations Board to preside over labor-management relations and enable unions to engage in collective bargaining with federal support.

It outlawed a variety of union busting tactics.
It said that whenever a majority of the company’s workers voted for a union to represent them, management would be compelled to negotiate with the union on all matters of wages, hours, and working conditions.

Now, labor unions could recruit large numbers of workers. The act led to a revitalization of the labor union movement.

Social Security Act

The legislation had three major points:

It provided for old-age pensions financed equally by tax on employers and worker, without government contributions. It gave states federal matching funds to provide modest pensions for destitute elderly. The Social Security trust fund would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65
It set up a system of unemployment compensation on a federal-state basis, with employers paying a payroll tax and with each state setting benefit levels and administering the program locally.
It provided direct federal grants to the state on a matching basis for welfare payments to the blind, handicapped, needy elderly and dependent.

Critics of the New Deal

Not everyone agreed with FDR’s proposals, and he received opposition and criticism from people on his left (more progressive and liberal) and on his right (more conservative and traditional).

Huey Long

For some liberals, the New Deal didn’t go far enough or addressed the problems of the rich businessmen more than poor people, minorities, or women. They had a point: the New Deal was only possible with the support of conservative Southern Democrats who were deeply racist and oversaw the Jim Crow-fixation of the New Deal. People like Huey Long and his Share Our Wealth Society called for a 100% tax rate for all incomes over a million dollars and the redistribution of those funds to poor people. Huey Long was a left wing populist who's primary focus was ending the Depression for the people, as opposed to businesses. He felt that the New Deal primarily bailed out failing businesses and was insufficiently radical.

Father Charles Coughlin

In a nationwide radio show, Father Coughlin appealed to the discontent. He called the New Deal the Pagan Deal, appealing to Christian conservative Americans who were already against the New Deal. When his show became increasingly Fascist and anti-Semitic, his superiors in the Catholic Church ordered him to stop his broadcasts. Coughlin is primarily known for his racist and anti-Semitic viewpoints, although he had over 30 million listeners during the 1930s, amounting to roughly a quarter of the country at the time. As World War II began to rear its head, Coughlin supported policies of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.

He called the Great Depression a "cash famine" and called for the nationalization of the Federal Reserve, also calling for free silver.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Dr. Francis Townsend was a physician who came forward with a plan to assist the elderly, who were suffering greatly during the depression. The Townsend Plan proposed giving everyone over the age of 60 a monthly pension of $200 with a provison that it must be spent in 30 days. Townsend was less of a critic of the New Deal and more of a believer that it needed to go broader with direct payments towards the public as opposed to financing federal projects.

Court Packing Plan

Conservatives were shocked at the new levels of government intrusion and spending and the New Deal’s pro-union stances. They too had a point: the New Deal was a radical increase in government spending and oversight. The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) invalidated several New Deal programs, such as the AAA.

FDR planned to add more justices to the Supreme Court to get his agenda through, but received outraged opposition, even from within his own party. Ultimately the Supreme Court upheld most of the New Deal and FDR backed down from the court-packing plan.

After that failure and when the economy started to slow in 1937, FDR’s legislative agenda began to slow.

The Effects of the New Deal

The effects of the New Deal were controversial and remain so to this day.

That being said, most historians—and the College Board—state that while the New Deal did not entirely end the Great Depression (that would be WWII), it did leave a lasting impact on the United States.

First, its programs fundamentally and (so-far) permanently changed the relationship between citizens and their government. The US federal government had grown under the New Deal, and many programs (e.g., Social Security, FDIC, etc.) are still very much a part of the US today.

Second, FDR’s policies created the so-called New Deal Coalition, a group of people who usually vote for Democrats and which, with some changes, remains the core of the Democratic Party to this day. This group includes African Americans, Jewish people, working-class families, and those on the lower end of the economic spectrum.

While the New Deal did little to hurt the economy of the United States on paper, it did not do significant good either. In fact, in 1937 when Roosevelt scaled back the programs he had created, the economy suffered another, more mild, recession. This was called the Roosevelt Recession. This has also been blamed on contractionary monetary policy by the Federal Reserve (interested? Take AP Macro!).

The Great Depression continued through the entirety of the 1930s, only being fully dissolved during World War II, when large amounts of government spending for the war effort stimulated the economy.

In this graph, we see the two recessions - the Great Depression and Roosevelt Recession, followed by significant GDP growth into World War II.

🎥 Watch: AP US History - the Great Depression and the New Deal

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